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Our Program

Princeton offers you single crystals according to your requirements. Our program includes metallic, oxidic, and optical monocrystals, substrates, and semiconductors.

Application: Metal single crystals are required among others for basic research (surface physics, catalytic chemistry, investigation of material properties, etc.), for monochromators (for X-ray, neutrons, etc.), and electrons (W-needles, LaB6, CeB6, etc.). Properties: The quality of our crystals is characterized by an especially high mosaicity. During the surface application, particular emphasis will be put on the orientation accuracy of the crystallographic direction (orientation accuracy). The especially careful surface conditioning (polishing) allows the direct investigation of up to several 1000 nm spread nuclear terraces after low heat and sputter cycles. Mosaicity of the elements: the mosaicity describes the deviation of the perfect structure of the crystal. It is the angle specification that describes the deviation of a reflective X-ray jet and the ideal reflex angle. A small angle stands for a perfect crystal structure. Orientation accuracy: up to <0,05° Polishing: roughness < 1nm (also at soft elements such as Au or Pb) Geometric: The following crystal geometrics are available. When requesting a quote please specify a geometric shape. In case the desired geometrics are not available please send us a drawing for a quote. Production of metallic single crystals is carried out in most modern equipment with the highest quality requirements. For crystal growth using the Bridgman-, Czochralski- and zone melting techniques only the highest purity starting materials are used. The following metallic single crystals are normally available from the shelf. Please click on view to choose your geometry:

Metal Single CrystalPurityInformation
Aluminium - Al6NMore Info
Antimony - Sb6N2More Info
Bismuth - Bi5NMore Info
Cadmium - Cd5NMore Info
Chromium - Cr5NMore Info
Cobalt - Co4NMore Info
Copper - Cu5NMore Info
Dysprosium - Dy3N5More Info
Gadolinium - Gd4NMore Info
Germanium - Ge6NMore Info
Gold - Au5NMore Info
Hafnium - Hf4N ex ZrMore Info
Holmium - Ho3N5More Info
Indium - In6NMore Info
Iridium - Ir4NMore Info
Iron - Fe4NMore Info
Lead - Pb5NMore Info
Lithium - Li2N8More Info
Magnesium - Mg5NMore Info
Molybdenum - Mo4NMore Info
Nickel - Ni4NMore Info
Niobium - Nb4NMore Info
Palladium - Pd5NMore Info
Platinum - Pt4NMore Info
Rhenium - Re4NMore Info
Rhodium - Rh4NMore Info
Ruthenium - Ru4NMore Info
Silicon - Si5NMore Info
Silver - Ag5NMore Info
Tantalum - Ta4NMore Info
Tellurium - Te6NMore Info
Tin - Sn6NMore Info
Titanium* - Ti4NMore Info
Tungsten - W5NMore Info
Vanadium - V4NMore Info
Yttrium - Y3N5More Info
Zinc - Zn6NMore Info
Zirconium - Zr4N ex Hf*More Info

* Crystal size limited to a few millimeters

The following alloys are available: Cu2Ce, CuAu, Cu3Au, Cu3Pd, Cu3Pt, Cu75Mn25, CuNi, CoAl, CoGa, FeAl, FeCr, Fe85Cr15, Fe64Ni36, Fe80Ni20, Nb90W10, NiAl, Ni3Al, Ni3Al (+Fe), NiFe, Pd97Ni3, Pt7Ni, Pt75Ni25, Pt48Ni52, Pt3Cu, PtCo3, Pt3Cr, Pt10Pd90, PtPd, Pt90Pd10, PtRh, Pt80Rh20, Pt90Rh10, Pt95Rh5, TbCu2, V3Si, W99Re1, HfC, TaC, ZrC, NbC, MoC, TiC, VC, Ag10Zn, Bi2Te3, Co50Ga50, Cu91Al9, Cu75Pd25, Cu75Pt25, Cu70Zn30, Fe98Al2, Fe85Al15, Fe53Al47, Fe85Cr15, Fe86Cr14, Fe82,5Cr17,5, Fe80Cr20, Fe77,5Cr22,5, Fe75Cr25, FeCr16Ni10Mn2Mo2, FeCr17Ni12Mo3, Fe96Ni4, LaB6, NbSi2, NiAl, Ni3Al, Ni85Cr15, Ni80Fe20, Ni70Fe30, Ni3Pt, Pd70Au30, Pd3Au, Pd1Ag, Pd3Zr, Pt3Co, Pt3Ni, PtPd, Pt3Ti, Pt50Rh50, SmCo5, Si50Mn50, Ti50Al50, TiC, VO, W2Re, W4Re, ZrC. Any other compositions are available upon request. Please send us details to receive a quote.

Oritentation and Polishing

The standard orientations offered for the above crystals are for the cubic system (001), (110), and (111) for hexagonal crystals (0001), (10-10) and (11-20). Other orientations such as (117), (221), or (112) may also be produced, of course. The standard accuracy of the orientation of cut crystals is within < 2°. By surface polishing an accuracy of < 0,1° is achievable. Polishing of the different crystals is performed very gently and where possible done chemomechanically. A surface roughness of better than < 0,03µm is obtained. Based on such a polish an atomically smooth surface may be prepared with a few sputter- and heating cycles or by flame annealing. (Recipes for the surface preparation in UHV are available on request). Given an orientation accuracy of < 0,1° terrace widths of several thousand Angstrom are achieved.

Crystal Geometry

Metallic single crystals are usually pulled in the form of rods. Depending on the metal the rod diameter can be set to values between several millimeters to 100 mm. These rods can be supplied either as raw crystals without further shaping or cut into discs. A standard disc thickness is 1mm. Thicker or thinner discs are supplied on request. The crystal geometry is shaped according to the specifications of the customer by spark erosion. Special geometries, grooves, holes and reference faces (for instance, to indicate a second orientation) are possible without problems. Below a few common examples are listed. For crystal offers or orders just fill in your desired measures and send us these drawings. – If your design is not included, please fax us your drawing or hand sketch.

"Hat form" with indication of second orientation:

Circular groove, reference face to mark a second orientation and hole for a thermocouple:

Holes for keeping crystal in place: